v0.2.6 (#32)

* xgboost notebook

* finetuning notebook

* finetuning test

* experimental nni support

* support nested search space

* log file name

* record training_iteration

* eps

* reset times

* std set to default step size if 0

.github/workflows/python-package.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # This workflow will install Python dependencies, run tests and lint with a variety of Python versions
 # For more information see: https://help.github.com/actions/language-and-framework-guides/using-python-with-github-actions
 
-name: Python package
+name: Build
 
 on:
   push:

.gitignore

@@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ dmypy.json
 
 # Cython debug symbols
 cython_debug/
-/catboost_info
+
+catboost_info
 notebook/*.pkl
 notebook/.azureml
+mlruns

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+[![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/FLAML.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/FLAML)
+[![Build](https://github.com/microsoft/FLAML/actions/workflows/python-package.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/microsoft/FLAML/actions/workflows/python-package.yml)
+![Python Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/3.6%20%7C%203.7%20%7C%203.8-blue)
+[![Downloads](https://pepy.tech/badge/flaml/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/flaml)
+
 # FLAML - Fast and Lightweight AutoML
 
 <p align="center">
@@ -5,8 +10,8 @@
     <br>
 </p>
 
-FLAML is a Python library designed to automatically produce accurate machine
-learning models with low computational cost. It frees users from selecting
+FLAML is a lightweight Python library that finds accurate machine
+learning models automatically, efficiently and economically. It frees users from selecting
 learners and hyperparameters for each learner. It is fast and cheap.
 The simple and lightweight design makes it easy to extend, such as
 adding customized learners or metrics. FLAML is powered by a new, [cost-effective

flaml/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from flaml.searcher import CFO, BlendSearch, FLOW2
-from flaml.automl import AutoML
+from flaml.automl import AutoML, logger_formatter
 from flaml.version import __version__
 import logging
 
@@ -7,10 +7,3 @@ import logging
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
-# Add the console handler.
-_ch = logging.StreamHandler()
-logger_formatter = logging.Formatter(
-    '[%(name)s: %(asctime)s] {%(lineno)d} %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
-    '%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
-_ch.setFormatter(logger_formatter)
-logger.addHandler(_ch)

flaml/automl.py

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ from .training_log import training_log_reader, training_log_writer
 
 import logging
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger_formatter = logging.Formatter(
+    '[%(name)s: %(asctime)s] {%(lineno)d} %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
+    '%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+
 try:
     import mlflow
 except:
@@ -326,6 +330,10 @@ class AutoML:
             A numpy array of shape n * 1 - - each element is a predicted class
             label for an instance.
         '''
+        if self._trained_estimator is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "No estimator is trained. Please run fit with enough budget.")
+            return None
         X_test = self._preprocess(X_test)
         y_pred = self._trained_estimator.predict(X_test)
         if y_pred.ndim > 1: y_pred = y_pred.flatten()
@@ -402,7 +410,7 @@ class AutoML:
             self._X_train_all, self._y_train_all = \
                 self._transformer.fit_transform(X, y, self._state.task)
             self._label_transformer = self._transformer.label_transformer
-
+        self._sample_weight_full = self._state.fit_kwargs.get('sample_weight')      
         if X_val is not None and y_val is not None:
             if not (isinstance(X_val, np.ndarray) or
                 issparse(X_val) or
@@ -446,7 +454,8 @@ class AutoML:
             self._X_train_all, self._y_train_all
         if issparse(X_train_all): 
             X_train_all = X_train_all.tocsr()
-        if self._state.task != 'regression':
+        if self._state.task != 'regression' and self._state.fit_kwargs.get(
+            'sample_weight') is None:
             # logger.info(f"label {pd.unique(y_train_all)}")
             label_set, counts = np.unique(y_train_all, return_counts=True)
             # augment rare classes
@@ -836,6 +845,11 @@ class AutoML:
         if eval_method == 'auto' or self._state.X_val is not None:
             eval_method = self._decide_eval_method(time_budget)
         self._state.eval_method = eval_method
+        if (not mlflow or not mlflow.active_run()) and not logger.handlers:
+            # Add the console handler.
+            _ch = logging.StreamHandler()
+            _ch.setFormatter(logger_formatter)
+            logger.addHandler(_ch)        
         logger.info("Evaluation method: {}".format(eval_method))
         
         self._retrain_full = retrain_full and (eval_method == 'holdout' and
@@ -1060,7 +1074,7 @@ class AutoML:
                                         search_state.best_config,
                                         estimator,
                                         search_state.sample_size)                
-                    if mlflow is not None:
+                    if mlflow is not None and mlflow.active_run():
                         with mlflow.start_run(nested=True) as run:
                             mlflow.log_metric('iter_counter',
                                 self._iter_per_learner[estimator])
@@ -1093,8 +1107,9 @@ class AutoML:
                             self._state.best_loss))
             else:
                 logger.info(f"no enough budget for learner {estimator}")
-                self.estimator_list.remove(estimator)
-                self._estimator_index -= 1
+                if self._estimator_index is not None:
+                    self.estimator_list.remove(estimator)
+                    self._estimator_index -= 1
             if self._retrain_full and best_config_sig and not better and (
                 self._search_states[self._best_estimator].sample_size ==
                 self._state.data_size) and (est_retrain_time <=
@@ -1151,7 +1166,11 @@ class AutoML:
                 stacker = Stacker(estimators, best_m,
                     n_jobs=self._state.n_jobs,
                     passthrough=True)
-                stacker.fit(self._X_train_all, self._y_train_all)
+                if self._sample_weight_full is not None:
+                    self._state.fit_kwargs[
+                        'sample_weight'] = self._sample_weight_full
+                stacker.fit(self._X_train_all, self._y_train_all,
+                 **self._state.fit_kwargs)
                 logger.info(f'ensemble: {stacker}')
                 self._trained_estimator = stacker
                 self._trained_estimator.model = stacker

flaml/searcher/blendsearch.py

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ class BlendSearch(Searcher):
     '''class for BlendSearch algorithm
     '''
 
+    cost_attr = "time_total_s" # cost attribute in result
+
     def __init__(self,
                  metric: Optional[str] = None,
                  mode: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -113,8 +115,9 @@ class BlendSearch(Searcher):
                 self._deadline = config.get('time_budget_s') + time.time()
             if 'metric_target' in config:
                 self._metric_target = config.get('metric_target')
-        else:    
-            self._metric, self._mode = metric, mode
+        else:
+            if metric: self._metric = metric
+            if mode: self._mode = mode
             self._ls.set_search_properties(metric, mode, config)
             if self._gs is not None:
                 self._gs.set_search_properties(metric, mode, config)
@@ -192,7 +195,7 @@ class BlendSearch(Searcher):
                 self._search_thread_pool[self._thread_count] = SearchThread(
                     self._ls.mode,
                     self._ls.create(config, result[self._metric], cost=result[
-                        "time_total_s"])
+                        self.cost_attr])
                 )
                 thread_id = self._thread_count
                 self._thread_count += 1
@@ -300,11 +303,9 @@ class BlendSearch(Searcher):
         else: # use init config
             init_config = self._points_to_evaluate.pop(
                 0) if self._points_to_evaluate else self._ls.init_config
-            if init_config==self._ls.init_config:
-                config = self._ls.complete_config(init_config,
+            config = self._ls.complete_config(init_config,
              self._admissible_min, self._admissible_max)
                 # logger.info(f"reset config to {config}")
-            else: config = init_config
             config_signature = self._ls.config_signature(config)
             result = self._result.get(config_signature)
             if result: # tried before
@@ -314,7 +315,6 @@ class BlendSearch(Searcher):
                 self._result[config_signature] = {}
             else: return None # running but no result yet
             self._init_used = True
-            self._trial_proposed_by[trial_id] = 0
         # logger.info(f"config={config}")
         return config
 
@@ -395,7 +395,89 @@ class BlendSearch(Searcher):
         return True
 
 
-class CFO(BlendSearch):
+try:
+    from nni.tuner import Tuner as NNITuner
+    from nni.utils import extract_scalar_reward
+    try:
+        from ray.tune import (uniform, quniform, choice, randint, qrandint, randn,
+    qrandn, loguniform, qloguniform)
+    except:
+        from .sample import (uniform, quniform, choice, randint, qrandint, randn,
+    qrandn, loguniform, qloguniform)
+
+    class BlendSearchTuner(BlendSearch, NNITuner):
+        '''Tuner class for NNI
+        '''
+
+        def receive_trial_result(self, parameter_id, parameters, value,
+         **kwargs):
+            '''
+            Receive trial's final result.
+            parameter_id: int
+            parameters: object created by 'generate_parameters()'
+            value: final metrics of the trial, including default metric
+            '''
+            result = {}
+            for key, value in parameters:
+                result['config/'+key] = value
+            reward = extract_scalar_reward(value)
+            result[self._metric] = reward
+            # if nni does not report training cost, 
+            # using sequence as an approximation.
+            # if no sequence, using a constant 1
+            result[self.cost_attr] = value.get(self.cost_attr, value.get(
+                'sequence', 1))
+            self.on_trial_complete(str(parameter_id), result)
+        ...
+
+        def generate_parameters(self, parameter_id, **kwargs) -> Dict:
+            '''
+            Returns a set of trial (hyper-)parameters, as a serializable object
+            parameter_id: int
+            '''            
+            return self.suggest(str(parameter_id))
+        ...
+
+        def update_search_space(self, search_space):
+            '''
+            Tuners are advised to support updating search space at run-time.
+            If a tuner can only set search space once before generating first hyper-parameters,
+            it should explicitly document this behaviour.
+            search_space: JSON object created by experiment owner
+            '''
+            config = {}
+            for key, value in search_space:
+                v = value.get("_value")
+                _type = value['_type']
+                if _type == 'choice':
+                    config[key] = choice(v)
+                elif _type == 'randint':
+                    config[key] = randint(v[0], v[1]-1)
+                elif _type == 'uniform':
+                    config[key] = uniform(v[0], v[1])
+                elif _type == 'quniform':
+                    config[key] = quniform(v[0], v[1], v[2])
+                elif _type == 'loguniform':
+                    config[key] = loguniform(v[0], v[1])
+                elif _type == 'qloguniform':
+                    config[key] = qloguniform(v[0], v[1], v[2])
+                elif _type == 'normal':
+                    config[key] = randn(v[1], v[2])
+                elif _type == 'qnormal':
+                    config[key] = qrandn(v[1], v[2], v[3])
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                    f'unsupported type in search_space {_type}')
+            self._ls.set_search_properties(None, None, config)
+            if self._gs is not None:
+                self._gs.set_search_properties(None, None, config)
+            self._init_search()
+
+except:
+    class BlendSearchTuner(BlendSearch): pass
+
+
+class CFO(BlendSearchTuner):
     ''' class for CFO algorithm
     '''
 
@@ -418,3 +500,5 @@ class CFO(BlendSearch):
         ''' create thread condition
         '''
         return len(self._search_thread_pool) < 2
+
+

flaml/searcher/flow2.py

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ try:
     from ray.tune.suggest import Searcher
     from ray.tune.suggest.variant_generator import generate_variants
     from ray.tune import sample
+    from ray.tune.utils.util import flatten_dict, unflatten_dict
 except ImportError:
     from .suggestion import Searcher
-    from .variant_generator import generate_variants
+    from .variant_generator import generate_variants, flatten_dict, unflatten_dict
     from ..tune import sample
 
 
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         elif mode == "min":
             self.metric_op = 1.
         self.space = space or {}
+        self.space = flatten_dict(self.space, prevent_delimiter=True)
         self._random = np.random.RandomState(seed)
         self._seed = seed
         if not init_config:
@@ -95,7 +97,8 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
                 "consider providing init values for cost-related hps via "
                 "'init_config'."
                 )
-        self.init_config = self.best_config = init_config
+        self.init_config = init_config
+        self.best_config = flatten_dict(init_config)
         self.cat_hp_cost = cat_hp_cost
         self.prune_attr = prune_attr
         self.min_resource = min_resource
@@ -121,8 +124,8 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         self._unordered_cat_hp = {}
         self._cat_hp_cost = {}
         for key, domain in self.space.items():
-            assert not isinstance(domain, dict), \
-                key+"'s domain is grid search which is not supported in FLOW2."
+            assert not (isinstance(domain, dict) and 'grid_search' in domain
+            ), key+"'s domain is grid search which is not supported in FLOW2."
             if callable(getattr(domain, 'get_sampler', None)):
                 self._tunable_keys.append(key)
                 sampler = domain.get_sampler()
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
             # logger.info(self._resource)
         else: self._resource = None
         self.incumbent = {}
-        self.incumbent = self.normalize(self.init_config)
+        self.incumbent = self.normalize(self.best_config) # flattened
         self.best_obj = self.cost_incumbent = None
         self.dim = len(self._tunable_keys)  # total # tunable dimensions
         self._direction_tried = None        
@@ -190,6 +193,8 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         self._K = 0
         self._iter_best_config = self.trial_count = 1
         self._reset_times = 0
+        # record intermediate trial cost
+        self._trial_cost = {}
 
     @property
     def step_lower_bound(self) -> float:
@@ -237,14 +242,15 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         ''' generate a complete config from the partial config input
         add minimal resource to config if available
         '''
-        if self._reset_times: # not the first time, use random gaussian
+        if self._reset_times and partial_config==self.init_config:
+            # not the first time to complete init_config, use random gaussian
             normalized = self.normalize(partial_config)
             for key in normalized:
                  # don't change unordered cat choice
                 if key not in self._unordered_cat_hp:
                     if upper and lower:
                         u, l = upper[key], lower[key]
-                        gauss_std = u-l
+                        gauss_std = u-l or self.STEPSIZE
                         # allowed bound
                         u += self.STEPSIZE
                         l -= self.STEPSIZE
@@ -259,27 +265,28 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
             # use best config for unordered cat choice
             config = self.denormalize(normalized)
         else:
+            # first time init_config, or other configs, take as is
             config = partial_config.copy()
-
+        if partial_config == self.init_config: self._reset_times += 1
+        config = flatten_dict(config)
         for key, value in self.space.items():
             if key not in config:
                 config[key] = value
-        logger.debug(f'before random {config}')
+        # logger.debug(f'before random {config}')
         for _, generated in generate_variants({'config': config}):
             config = generated['config']
             break
-        logger.debug(f'after random {config}')
+        # logger.debug(f'after random {config}')
 
         if self._resource:
             config[self.prune_attr] = self.min_resource
-        self._reset_times += 1
-        return config
+        return unflatten_dict(config)
 
     def create(self, init_config: Dict, obj: float, cost: float) -> Searcher:
         flow2 = FLOW2(init_config, self.metric, self.mode, self._cat_hp_cost,
-                      self.space, self.prune_attr, self.min_resource,
-                      self.max_resource, self.resource_multiple_factor,
-                      self._seed+1)
+                      unflatten_dict(self.space), self.prune_attr, 
+                      self.min_resource, self.max_resource, 
+                      self.resource_multiple_factor, self._seed+1)
         flow2.best_obj = obj * self.metric_op  # minimize internally
         flow2.cost_incumbent = cost
         return flow2
@@ -288,7 +295,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         ''' normalize each dimension in config to [0,1]
         '''
         config_norm = {}
-        for key, value in config.items():
+        for key, value in flatten_dict(config).items():
             if key in self.space:
                 # domain: sample.Categorical/Integer/Float/Function
                 domain = self.space[key]
@@ -422,7 +429,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
             obj = result.get(self._metric)
             if obj: 
                 obj *= self.metric_op
-                if obj < self.best_obj:
+                if self.best_obj is None or obj < self.best_obj:
                     self.best_obj, self.best_config = obj, self._configs[
                         trial_id]
                     self.incumbent = self.normalize(self.best_config)
@@ -433,7 +440,8 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
                     self._cost_complete4incumbent = 0
                     self._num_allowed4incumbent = 2 * self.dim
                     self._proposed_by.clear()
-                    if self._K > 0:
+                    if self._K > 0: 
+                        # self._oldK must have been set when self._K>0
                         self.step *= np.sqrt(self._K/self._oldK)
                     if self.step > self.step_ub: self.step = self.step_ub
                     self._iter_best_config = self.trial_count
@@ -442,7 +450,8 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         if proposed_by == self.incumbent:
             # proposed by current incumbent and no better
             self._num_complete4incumbent += 1
-            cost = result.get(self.cost_attr)
+            cost = result.get(
+                self.cost_attr) if result else self._trial_cost.get(trial_id)
             if cost: self._cost_complete4incumbent += cost
             if self._num_complete4incumbent >= 2*self.dim and \
                 self._num_allowed4incumbent == 0:
@@ -469,7 +478,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
             obj = result.get(self._metric)
             if obj: 
                 obj *= self.metric_op
-                if obj < self.best_obj:
+                if self.best_obj is None or obj < self.best_obj:
                     self.best_obj = obj
                     config = self._configs[trial_id]
                     if self.best_config != config:
@@ -483,6 +492,9 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
                         self._num_allowed4incumbent = 2 * self.dim
                         self._proposed_by.clear()
                         self._iter_best_config = self.trial_count
+            cost = result.get(self.cost_attr)
+            # record the cost in case it is pruned and cost info is lost
+            self._trial_cost[trial_id] = cost
 
     def rand_vector_unit_sphere(self, dim) -> np.ndarray:
         vec = self._random.normal(0, 1, dim)
@@ -525,7 +537,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
         config = self.denormalize(move)
         self._proposed_by[trial_id] = self.incumbent
         self._configs[trial_id] = config
-        return config
+        return unflatten_dict(config)
 
     def _project(self, config):
         ''' project normalized config in the feasible region and set prune_attr
@@ -545,6 +557,7 @@ class FLOW2(Searcher):
     def config_signature(self, config) -> tuple:
         ''' return the signature tuple of a config
         '''
+        config = flatten_dict(config)
         value_list = []
         for key in self._space_keys:
             if key in config:

flaml/searcher/search_thread.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ class SearchThread:
     '''
 
     cost_attr = 'time_total_s'
+    eps = 1e-10
 
     def __init__(self, mode: str = "min", 
                  search_alg: Optional[Searcher] = None):
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class SearchThread:
         # calculate speed; use 0 for invalid speed temporarily
         if self.obj_best2 > self.obj_best1: 
             self.speed = (self.obj_best2 - self.obj_best1) / (
-                self.cost_total - self.cost_best2)
+                self.cost_total - self.cost_best2 + self.eps)
         else: self.speed = 0
 
     def on_trial_complete(self, trial_id: str, result: Optional[Dict] = None,

flaml/searcher/variant_generator.py

@@ -28,6 +28,46 @@ from ..tune.sample import Categorical, Domain, Function
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+def flatten_dict(dt, delimiter="/", prevent_delimiter=False):
+    dt = copy.deepcopy(dt)
+    if prevent_delimiter and any(delimiter in key for key in dt):
+        # Raise if delimiter is any of the keys
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Found delimiter `{}` in key when trying to flatten array."
+            "Please avoid using the delimiter in your specification.")
+    while any(isinstance(v, dict) for v in dt.values()):
+        remove = []
+        add = {}
+        for key, value in dt.items():
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                for subkey, v in value.items():
+                    if prevent_delimiter and delimiter in subkey:
+                        # Raise  if delimiter is in any of the subkeys
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Found delimiter `{}` in key when trying to "
+                            "flatten array. Please avoid using the delimiter "
+                            "in your specification.")
+                    add[delimiter.join([key, str(subkey)])] = v
+                remove.append(key)
+        dt.update(add)
+        for k in remove:
+            del dt[k]
+    return dt
+
+
+def unflatten_dict(dt, delimiter="/"):
+    """Unflatten dict. Does not support unflattening lists."""
+    dict_type = type(dt)
+    out = dict_type()
+    for key, val in dt.items():
+        path = key.split(delimiter)
+        item = out
+        for k in path[:-1]:
+            item = item.setdefault(k, dict_type())
+        item[path[-1]] = val
+    return out
+    
+    
 class TuneError(Exception):
     """General error class raised by ray.tune."""
     pass

flaml/tune/README.md

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ The API is compatible with ray tune.
 Example:
 
 ```python
+# require: pip install flaml[blendsearch]
 from flaml import tune
 import time
 
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ print(analysis.best_config) # the best config
 
 Or, using ray tune's API:
 ```python
+# require: pip install flaml[blendsearch] ray[tune]
 from ray import tune as raytune
 from flaml import CFO, BlendSearch
 import time
@@ -146,6 +148,7 @@ based on optimism in face of uncertainty.
 Example:
 
 ```python
+# require: pip install flaml[blendsearch]
 from flaml import BlendSearch
 tune.run(...
     search_alg = BlendSearch(points_to_evaluate=[init_config]),

flaml/tune/tune.py

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 _use_ray = True
 _runner = None
 _verbose = 0
+_running_trial = None
+_training_iteration = 0
 
 
 class ExperimentAnalysis(EA):
@@ -68,6 +70,8 @@ def report(_metric=None, **kwargs):
     '''
     global _use_ray
     global _verbose
+    global _running_trial
+    global _training_iteration
     if _use_ray:
         from ray import tune
         return tune.report(_metric, **kwargs)
@@ -77,6 +81,12 @@ def report(_metric=None, **kwargs):
             logger.info(f"result: {kwargs}")
         if _metric: result['_default_anonymous_metric'] = _metric
         trial = _runner.running_trial
+        if _running_trial == trial:
+            _training_iteration += 1
+        else:
+            _training_iteration = 0
+            _running_trial = trial
+        result["training_iteration"] = _training_iteration
         result['config'] = trial.config
         for key, value in trial.config.items():
             result['config/'+key] = value
@@ -213,7 +223,7 @@ def run(training_function,
             import os
             os.makedirs(local_dir, exist_ok=True)
             logger.addHandler(logging.FileHandler(local_dir+'/tune_'+str(
-                datetime.datetime.now())+'.log'))
+                datetime.datetime.now()).replace(':', '-')+'.log'))
             if verbose<=2:
                 logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
             else:

flaml/version.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.2.3"
+__version__ = "0.2.6"

notebook/finetune_transformer_demo.ipynb

@@ -1,788 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This notebook uses the Huggingface transformers library to finetune a transformer model.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "**Requirements.** This notebook has additional requirements:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "```bash\n",
-    "pip install -r transformers_requirements.txt\n",
-    "```"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Tokenizer"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from transformers import AutoTokenizer"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "MODEL_CHECKPOINT = \"distilbert-base-uncased\""
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(MODEL_CHECKPOINT, use_fast=True)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'input_ids': [101, 2023, 2003, 1037, 3231, 102], 'attention_mask': [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 10,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "tokenizer(\"this is a test\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Data"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "TASK = \"cola\""
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import datasets"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Reusing dataset glue (/home/amin/.cache/huggingface/datasets/glue/cola/1.0.0/7c99657241149a24692c402a5c3f34d4c9f1df5ac2e4c3759fadea38f6cb29c4)\n",
-      "/home/amin/miniconda/lib/python3.7/site-packages/torch/cuda/__init__.py:52: UserWarning: CUDA initialization: Found no NVIDIA driver on your system. Please check that you have an NVIDIA GPU and installed a driver from http://www.nvidia.com/Download/index.aspx (Triggered internally at  /pytorch/c10/cuda/CUDAFunctions.cpp:100.)\n",
-      "  return torch._C._cuda_getDeviceCount() > 0\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "raw_dataset = datasets.load_dataset(\"glue\", TASK)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# define tokenization function used to process data\n",
-    "COLUMN_NAME = \"sentence\"\n",
-    "def tokenize(examples):\n",
-    "    return tokenizer(examples[COLUMN_NAME], truncation=True)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
-       "model_id": "5bd7b23a478043eaaf6e14e119143fcd",
-       "version_major": 2,
-       "version_minor": 0
-      },
-      "text/plain": [
-       "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, max=9.0), HTML(value='')))"
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
-       "model_id": "d7b648c2dbdc4fb9907e43da7db8af9a",
-       "version_major": 2,
-       "version_minor": 0
-      },
-      "text/plain": [
-       "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, max=2.0), HTML(value='')))"
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
-       "model_id": "36a9d6e62dbe462d94b1769f36fbd0f3",
-       "version_major": 2,
-       "version_minor": 0
-      },
-      "text/plain": [
-       "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, max=2.0), HTML(value='')))"
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "encoded_dataset = raw_dataset.map(tokenize, batched=True)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'attention_mask': [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],\n",
-       " 'idx': 0,\n",
-       " 'input_ids': [101,\n",
-       "  2256,\n",
-       "  2814,\n",
-       "  2180,\n",
-       "  1005,\n",
-       "  1056,\n",
-       "  4965,\n",
-       "  2023,\n",
-       "  4106,\n",
-       "  1010,\n",
-       "  2292,\n",
-       "  2894,\n",
-       "  1996,\n",
-       "  2279,\n",
-       "  2028,\n",
-       "  2057,\n",
-       "  16599,\n",
-       "  1012,\n",
-       "  102],\n",
-       " 'label': 1,\n",
-       " 'sentence': \"Our friends won't buy this analysis, let alone the next one we propose.\"}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 19,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "encoded_dataset[\"train\"][0]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Model"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
-       "model_id": "35b76e51b5c8406fae416fcdc3dd885e",
-       "version_major": 2,
-       "version_minor": 0
-      },
-      "text/plain": [
-       "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='Downloading', max=267967963.0, style=ProgressStyle(descri…"
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Some weights of the model checkpoint at distilbert-base-uncased were not used when initializing DistilBertForSequenceClassification: ['vocab_transform.weight', 'vocab_transform.bias', 'vocab_layer_norm.weight', 'vocab_layer_norm.bias', 'vocab_projector.weight', 'vocab_projector.bias']\n",
-      "- This IS expected if you are initializing DistilBertForSequenceClassification from the checkpoint of a model trained on another task or with another architecture (e.g. initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForPretraining model).\n",
-      "- This IS NOT expected if you are initializing DistilBertForSequenceClassification from the checkpoint of a model that you expect to be exactly identical (initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForSequenceClassification model).\n",
-      "Some weights of DistilBertForSequenceClassification were not initialized from the model checkpoint at distilbert-base-uncased and are newly initialized: ['pre_classifier.weight', 'pre_classifier.bias', 'classifier.weight', 'classifier.bias']\n",
-      "You should probably TRAIN this model on a down-stream task to be able to use it for predictions and inference.\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "NUM_LABELS = 2\n",
-    "model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(MODEL_CHECKPOINT, num_labels=NUM_LABELS)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "DistilBertForSequenceClassification(\n",
-       "  (distilbert): DistilBertModel(\n",
-       "    (embeddings): Embeddings(\n",
-       "      (word_embeddings): Embedding(30522, 768, padding_idx=0)\n",
-       "      (position_embeddings): Embedding(512, 768)\n",
-       "      (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "      (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "    )\n",
-       "    (transformer): Transformer(\n",
-       "      (layer): ModuleList(\n",
-       "        (0): TransformerBlock(\n",
-       "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "        )\n",
-       "        (1): TransformerBlock(\n",
-       "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "        )\n",
-       "        (2): TransformerBlock(\n",
-       "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "        )\n",
-       "        (3): TransformerBlock(\n",
-       "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "        )\n",
-       "        (4): TransformerBlock(\n",
-       "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "        )\n",
-       "        (5): TransformerBlock(\n",
-       "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
-       "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
-       "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
-       "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "          )\n",
-       "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
-       "        )\n",
-       "      )\n",
-       "    )\n",
-       "  )\n",
-       "  (pre_classifier): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
-       "  (classifier): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=2, bias=True)\n",
-       "  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.2, inplace=False)\n",
-       ")"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 31,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "model"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Metric"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 24,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "metric = datasets.load_metric(\"glue\", TASK)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 25,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "Metric(name: \"glue\", features: {'predictions': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'references': Value(dtype='int64', id=None)}, usage: \"\"\"\n",
-       "Compute GLUE evaluation metric associated to each GLUE dataset.\n",
-       "Args:\n",
-       "    predictions: list of translations to score.\n",
-       "        Each translation should be tokenized into a list of tokens.\n",
-       "    references: list of lists of references for each translation.\n",
-       "        Each reference should be tokenized into a list of tokens.\n",
-       "Returns: depending on the GLUE subset, one or several of:\n",
-       "    \"accuracy\": Accuracy\n",
-       "    \"f1\": F1\n",
-       "    \"pearson\": Pearson Correlation\n",
-       "    \"spearmanr\": Spearman Correlation\n",
-       "    \"matthews_correlation\": Matthew Correlation\n",
-       "\"\"\", stored examples: 0)"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 25,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "metric"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 26,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def compute_metrics(eval_pred):\n",
-    "    predictions, labels = eval_pred\n",
-    "    predictions = np.argmax(predictions, axis=1)\n",
-    "    return metric.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Training (aka Finetuning)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from transformers import Trainer\n",
-    "from transformers import TrainingArguments"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "args = TrainingArguments(\n",
-    "    output_dir='output',\n",
-    "    do_eval=True,\n",
-    "    )"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 30,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "trainer = Trainer(\n",
-    "    model=model,\n",
-    "    args=args,\n",
-    "    train_dataset=encoded_dataset[\"train\"],\n",
-    "    eval_dataset=encoded_dataset[\"validation\"],\n",
-    "    tokenizer=tokenizer,\n",
-    "    compute_metrics=compute_metrics,\n",
-    ")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/html": [
-       "\n",
-       "    <div>\n",
-       "        <style>\n",
-       "            /* Turns off some styling */\n",
-       "            progress {\n",
-       "                /* gets rid of default border in Firefox and Opera. */\n",
-       "                border: none;\n",
-       "                /* Needs to be in here for Safari polyfill so background images work as expected. */\n",
-       "                background-size: auto;\n",
-       "            }\n",
-       "        </style>\n",
-       "      \n",
-       "      <progress value='322' max='3207' style='width:300px; height:20px; vertical-align: middle;'></progress>\n",
-       "      [ 322/3207 02:51 < 25:41, 1.87 it/s, Epoch 0.30/3]\n",
-       "    </div>\n",
-       "    <table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
-       "  <thead>\n",
-       "    <tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\n",
-       "      <th>Step</th>\n",
-       "      <th>Training Loss</th>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </thead>\n",
-       "  <tbody>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table><p>"
-      ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "trainer.train()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "source": [
-    "## Hyperparameter Optimization\n",
-    "\n",
-    "`flaml.tune` is a module for economical hyperparameter tuning. It frees users from manually tuning many hyperparameters for a software, such as machine learning training procedures. \n",
-    "The API is compatible with ray tune.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "### Step 1. Define training method\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We define a function `train_distilbert(config: dict)` that accepts a hyperparameter configuration dict `config`. The specific configs will be generated by flaml's search algorithm in a given search space.\n"
-   ],
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {}
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import flaml\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def train_distilbert(config: dict):\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # Define tokenize method\n",
-    "    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(MODEL_CHECKPOINT, use_fast=True)\n",
-    "    def tokenize(examples):\n",
-    "        return tokenizer(examples[COLUMN_NAME], truncation=True)\n",
-    "    # Load CoLA dataset and apply tokenizer\n",
-    "    cola_raw = load_dataset(\"glue\", TASK)\n",
-    "    cola_encoded = cola_raw.map(tokenize, batched=True)\n",
-    "    # QUESTION: Write processed data to disk?\n",
-    "    train_dataset, eval_dataset = cola_encoded[\"train\"], cola_encoded[\"validation\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(\n",
-    "        MODEL_CHECKPOINT, num_labels=NUM_LABELS\n",
-    "    )\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    metric = load_metric(\"glue\", TASK)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    training_args = TrainingArguments(\n",
-    "        output_dir='.',\n",
-    "        do_eval=False,\n",
-    "        **config,\n",
-    "    )\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    trainer = Trainer(\n",
-    "        model,\n",
-    "        training_args,\n",
-    "        train_dataset=train_dataset,\n",
-    "        eval_dataset=eval_dataset,\n",
-    "        tokenizer=tokenizer,\n",
-    "        compute_metrics=compute_metrics,\n",
-    "    )\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # train model\n",
-    "    trainer.train()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # evaluate model\n",
-    "    eval_output = trainer.evaluate()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # report the metric to optimize\n",
-    "    flaml.tune.report(\n",
-    "        loss=eval_output[\"eval_loss\"],\n",
-    "        matthews_correlation=eval_output[\"eval_matthews_correlation\"],\n",
-    "        )"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "source": [
-    "### Step 2. Define the search\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We are now ready to define our search. This includes:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "- The `search_space` for our hyperparameters\n",
-    "- The metric and the mode ('max' or 'min') for optimization\n",
-    "- The constraints (`n_cpus`, `n_gpus`, `num_samples`, and `time_budget_s`)"
-   ],
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {}
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "max_num_epoch = 4\n",
-    "search_space = {\n",
-    "        # You can mix constants with search space objects.\n",
-    "        \"num_train_epochs\": flaml.tune.loguniform(1, max_num_epoch),\n",
-    "        \"learning_rate\": flaml.tune.loguniform(1e-6, 1e-4),\n",
-    "        \"adam_epsilon\": flaml.tune.loguniform(1e-9, 1e-7),\n",
-    "    }"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# optimization objective\n",
-    "HP_METRIC, MODE = \"matthews_correlation\", \"max\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# resources\n",
-    "num_cpus = 2\n",
-    "num_gpus = 2\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# constraints\n",
-    "num_samples = -1    # number of trials, -1 means unlimited\n",
-    "time_budget_s = 3600    # time budget in seconds"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "source": [
-    "### Step 3. Launch with `flaml.tune.run`\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We are now ready to laungh the tuning using `flaml.tune.run`:"
-   ],
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {}
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import time\n",
-    "import ray\n",
-    "start_time = time.time()\n",
-    "ray.init(num_cpus=num_cpus, num_gpus=num_gpus)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"Tuning started...\")\n",
-    "analysis = flaml.tune.run(\n",
-    "    train_distilbert,\n",
-    "    config=search_space,\n",
-    "    init_config={\n",
-    "        \"num_train_epochs\": 1,\n",
-    "    },\n",
-    "    metric=HP_METRIC,\n",
-    "    mode=MODE,\n",
-    "    report_intermediate_result=False,\n",
-    "    # uncomment the following if report_intermediate_result = True\n",
-    "    # max_resource=max_num_epoch, min_resource=1,\n",
-    "    resources_per_trial={\"gpu\": 1},\n",
-    "    local_dir='logs/',\n",
-    "    num_samples=num_samples,\n",
-    "    time_budget_s=time_budget_s,\n",
-    "    use_ray=True,\n",
-    ")\n",
-    "\n",
-    "ray.shutdown()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "best_trial = analysis.get_best_trial(HP_METRIC, MODE, \"all\")\n",
-    "metric = best_trial.metric_analysis[HP_METRIC][MODE]\n",
-    "print(f\"n_trials={len(analysis.trials)}\")\n",
-    "print(f\"time={time.time()-start_time}\")\n",
-    "print(f\"Best model eval {HP_METRIC}: {metric:.4f}\")\n",
-    "print(f\"Best model parameters: {best_trial.config}\")\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "source": [
-    "## Next Steps\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Notice that we only reported the metric with `flaml.tune.report` at the end of full training loop. It is possible to enable reporting of intermediate performance - allowing early stopping - as follows:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "- Huggingface provides _Callbacks_ which can be used to insert the `flaml.tune.report` call inside the training loop\n",
-    "- Make sure to set `do_eval=True` in the `TrainingArguments` provided to `Trainer` and adjust theevaluation frequency accordingly"
-   ],
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {}
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "flaml",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "flaml"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.7.6"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 4
-}

notebook/transformers_requirements.txt

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-torch
-transformers
-datasets
-ipywidgets

setup.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ install_requires = [
     "scipy>=1.4.1",
     "catboost>=0.23",
     "scikit-learn>=0.23.2",
-    "optuna==2.3.0"
 ],
 
 
@@ -48,14 +47,21 @@ setuptools.setup(
             "coverage>=5.3",
             "xgboost<1.3",
             "rgf-python",
+            "optuna==2.3.0",
+        ],
+        "blendsearch": [
+            "optuna==2.3.0"
         ],
         "ray": [
             "ray[tune]==1.1.0",
             "pyyaml<5.3.1",            
         ],
         "azureml": [
-            "azureml-mlflow"
+            "azureml-mlflow",
         ],
+        "nni": [
+            "nni",
+        ]
     },
     classifiers=[
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",

test/test_automl.py

@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class TestAutoML(unittest.TestCase):
 
         automl_experiment = AutoML()
         automl_settings = {
-            "time_budget": 2,
+            "time_budget": 3,
             "metric": 'ap',
             "task": 'classification',
             "log_file_name": "test/sparse_classification.log",

test/test_distillbert.py

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+'''Require: pip install torch transformers datasets flaml[blendsearch,ray]
+'''
+import time
+import numpy as np
+
+try:
+    import ray
+    from datasets import (
+        load_dataset,
+        load_metric,
+    )
+    from transformers import (
+        AutoModelForSequenceClassification,
+        AutoTokenizer,
+        Trainer,
+        TrainingArguments,
+    )
+    MODEL_CHECKPOINT = "distilbert-base-uncased"
+    TASK = "cola"
+    NUM_LABELS = 2
+    COLUMN_NAME = "sentence"
+    METRIC_NAME = "matthews_correlation"
+
+    # HP_METRIC, MODE = "loss", "min"
+    HP_METRIC, MODE = "matthews_correlation", "max"
+
+    # Define tokenize method
+    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(MODEL_CHECKPOINT, use_fast=True)
+except:
+    print("pip install torch transformers datasets flaml[blendsearch,ray]")
+    
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger.addHandler(logging.FileHandler('test/tune_distilbert.log'))
+logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+import flaml
+
+def train_distilbert(config: dict):
+
+    metric = load_metric("glue", TASK)
+
+    def tokenize(examples):
+        return tokenizer(examples[COLUMN_NAME], truncation=True)
+
+    def compute_metrics(eval_pred):
+        predictions, labels = eval_pred
+        predictions = np.argmax(predictions, axis=1)
+        return metric.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)
+
+    # Load CoLA dataset and apply tokenizer
+    cola_raw = load_dataset("glue", TASK)
+
+    cola_encoded = cola_raw.map(tokenize, batched=True)
+    train_dataset, eval_dataset = cola_encoded["train"], cola_encoded["validation"]
+
+    model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
+        MODEL_CHECKPOINT, num_labels=NUM_LABELS
+    )
+
+    training_args = TrainingArguments(
+        output_dir='.',
+        do_eval=False,
+        disable_tqdm=True,
+        logging_steps=20000,
+        save_total_limit=0,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+    trainer = Trainer(
+        model,
+        training_args,
+        train_dataset=train_dataset,
+        eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
+        tokenizer=tokenizer,
+        compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
+    )
+
+    # train model
+    trainer.train()
+
+    # evaluate model
+    eval_output = trainer.evaluate()
+
+    flaml.tune.report(
+        loss=eval_output["eval_loss"],
+        matthews_correlation=eval_output["eval_matthews_correlation"],
+        )
+
+
+def _test_distillbert(method='BlendSearch'):
+ 
+    max_num_epoch = 64
+    num_samples = -1
+    time_budget_s = 3600
+
+    search_space = {
+        # You can mix constants with search space objects.
+        "num_train_epochs": flaml.tune.loguniform(1, max_num_epoch),
+        "learning_rate": flaml.tune.loguniform(1e-6, 1e-4),
+        "adam_beta1": flaml.tune.uniform(0.8, 0.99),
+        "adam_beta2": flaml.tune.loguniform(98e-2, 9999e-4),
+        "adam_epsilon": flaml.tune.loguniform(1e-9, 1e-7),
+    }
+
+    start_time = time.time()
+    ray.init(num_cpus=4, num_gpus=4)
+    if 'ASHA' == method:
+        algo = None
+    elif 'BOHB' == method:
+        from ray.tune.schedulers import HyperBandForBOHB
+        from ray.tune.suggest.bohb import tuneBOHB
+        algo = tuneBOHB(max_concurrent=4)
+        scheduler = HyperBandForBOHB(max_t=max_num_epoch)
+    elif 'Optuna' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.optuna import OptunaSearch
+        algo = OptunaSearch()
+    elif 'CFO' == method:
+        from flaml import CFO
+        algo = CFO(points_to_evaluate=[{
+            "num_train_epochs": 1,
+        }])
+    elif 'BlendSearch' == method:
+        from flaml import BlendSearch
+        algo = BlendSearch(points_to_evaluate=[{
+            "num_train_epochs": 1,
+        }])
+    elif 'Dragonfly' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.dragonfly import DragonflySearch
+        algo = DragonflySearch()
+    elif 'SkOpt' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.skopt import SkOptSearch
+        algo = SkOptSearch()
+    elif 'Nevergrad' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.nevergrad import NevergradSearch
+        import nevergrad as ng
+        algo = NevergradSearch(optimizer=ng.optimizers.OnePlusOne)
+    elif 'ZOOpt' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.zoopt import ZOOptSearch
+        algo = ZOOptSearch(budget=num_samples)
+    elif 'Ax' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.ax import AxSearch
+        algo = AxSearch(max_concurrent=3)
+    elif 'HyperOpt' == method:
+        from ray.tune.suggest.hyperopt import HyperOptSearch
+        algo = HyperOptSearch()
+        scheduler = None
+    if method != 'BOHB':
+        from ray.tune.schedulers import ASHAScheduler
+        scheduler = ASHAScheduler(
+            max_t=max_num_epoch,
+            grace_period=1)
+    scheduler = None
+    analysis = ray.tune.run(
+        train_distilbert,
+        metric=HP_METRIC,
+        mode=MODE,
+        resources_per_trial={"gpu": 4, "cpu": 4},
+        config=search_space, local_dir='test/logs/',
+        num_samples=num_samples, time_budget_s=time_budget_s,
+        keep_checkpoints_num=1, checkpoint_score_attr=HP_METRIC,
+        scheduler=scheduler, search_alg=algo)
+
+    ray.shutdown()
+
+    best_trial = analysis.get_best_trial(HP_METRIC, MODE, "all")
+    metric = best_trial.metric_analysis[HP_METRIC][MODE]
+
+    logger.info(f"method={method}")
+    logger.info(f"n_trials={len(analysis.trials)}")
+    logger.info(f"time={time.time()-start_time}")
+    logger.info(f"Best model eval {HP_METRIC}: {metric:.4f}")
+    logger.info(f"Best model parameters: {best_trial.config}")
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_cfo():
+    _test_distillbert('CFO')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_dragonfly():
+    _test_distillbert('Dragonfly')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_skopt():
+    _test_distillbert('SkOpt')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_nevergrad():
+    _test_distillbert('Nevergrad')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_zoopt():
+    _test_distillbert('ZOOpt')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_ax():
+    _test_distillbert('Ax')
+
+
+def __test_distillbert_hyperopt():
+    _test_distillbert('HyperOpt')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_optuna():
+    _test_distillbert('Optuna')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_asha():
+    _test_distillbert('ASHA')
+
+
+def _test_distillbert_bohb():
+    _test_distillbert('BOHB')
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    _test_distillbert()

test/test_pytorch_cifar10.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+'''Require: pip install torchvision ray flaml[blendsearch]
+'''
 import unittest
 import os
 import time
@@ -24,7 +26,6 @@ def load_data(data_dir="./data"):
 # __load_data_end__
 
 
-import numpy as np
 try:
     import torch
     import torch.nn as nn

test/test_tune.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+'''Require: pip install flaml[test,ray]
+'''
 import unittest
-import os
 import time
 from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
 import sklearn.metrics
@@ -48,7 +49,6 @@ def _test_xgboost(method='BlendSearch'):
     else:
         from ray import tune
     search_space = {
-        # You can mix constants with search space objects.
         "max_depth": tune.randint(1, 8) if method in [
             "BlendSearch", "BOHB", "Optuna"] else tune.randint(1, 9),
         "min_child_weight": tune.choice([1, 2, 3]),
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ def _test_xgboost(method='BlendSearch'):
                     scheduler=scheduler, search_alg=algo)
             ray.shutdown()
             # # Load the best model checkpoint
+            # import os
             # best_bst = xgb.Booster()
             # best_bst.load_model(os.path.join(analysis.best_checkpoint,
             #  "model.xgb"))
@@ -152,6 +153,33 @@ def _test_xgboost(method='BlendSearch'):
             logger.info(f"Best model parameters: {best_trial.config}")
 
 
+def test_nested():
+    from flaml import tune
+    search_space = {
+        # test nested search space
+        "cost_related": {
+            "a": tune.randint(1, 8),
+        },
+        "b": tune.uniform(0.5, 1.0),
+    }
+
+    def simple_func(config):
+        tune.report(
+            metric=(config["cost_related"]["a"]-4)**2 * (config["b"]-0.7)**2)
+
+    analysis = tune.run(
+        simple_func,
+        init_config={
+            "cost_related": {"a": 1,}
+        },
+        metric="metric",
+        mode="min",
+        config=search_space,
+        local_dir='logs/',
+        num_samples=-1,
+        time_budget_s=1)
+
+
 def test_xgboost_bs():
     _test_xgboost()
 

test/test_xgboost2d.py

@@ -8,11 +8,7 @@ from flaml.model import XGBoostSklearnEstimator
 from flaml import tune
 
 
-# dataset = "blood-transfusion-service-center"
-# dataset = "Australian"
 dataset = "credit-g"
-# dataset = "phoneme"
-# dataset = "kc1"
 
 
 class XGBoost2D(XGBoostSklearnEstimator):
@@ -50,8 +46,11 @@ def test_simple(method=None):
         "log_type": "all",
         "time_budget": 3#6000,
     }
-
-    X, y = fetch_openml(name=dataset, return_X_y=True)
+    try:
+        X, y = fetch_openml(name=dataset, return_X_y=True)
+    except:
+        from sklearn.datasets import load_wine
+        X, y = load_wine(return_X_y=True)
     X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.33,
      random_state=42)
     automl.fit(X_train=X_train, y_train=y_train, **automl_settings)